3D Printing Patterns Might Make Ghost Guns More Traceable Than We Thought | 404 Media
3D Printing Patterns Might Make Ghost Guns More Traceable Than We Thought
Archive link: https://archive.ph/DuSj7
I'll take "Sandpaper" for $200, Alex.
A criminal could buy an Ender3 or other extremely ubiquitous, non-internet-connected printer. Maybe used, in cash, on various marketplaces.
Filament can be bought in cash as well from a bunch of retailers and the leftover stock (evidence) easily disposed by dumping or burning/melting after the "suspect objects" are created.
Furthermore, nozzles are like $1 apiece in some cases. Printbed replacements or sheets of glass (also often used as printbed surfaces) are like $20 and can be changed often and easily. Changing these two components completely invalidates the "match" of the toolmarks.
This type of forensics is only practical if the target suspect is dumb enough to use the same settings for everything, never change a nozzle or bed, keep all his empty filament spools and receipts, pay for everything with credit cards in his name, and have a bunch of cloud-saved bambu-sliced files called "super illegal weaponry.gcode" associated with his printer.
key excerpt:
Most 3D printers work by heating up a filament—often, but not always, plastic—and extruding it through a metal nozzle. The nozzle puts down hundreds, or even thousands, of layers of the heated plastic to form a solid object. Each individual level of the print is called the print line. “So on the firearm, I’m seeing from the trigger guard—maybe print line 200—and the top of the magazine well—print line 400—the marks are staying consistent,” Garrison said.
It was an exciting discovery but it also wouldn’t be admissible as evidence in a criminal trial. Despite the promise that we may one day be able to match a printer to the object that made it, Garrison stressed that the work was in its very early days and that it would take years, perhaps even a decade, of science to work out the truth of toolmarks and 3D printers.
unless its unrelated to the nozzle it'll be easily circumvent by replacing said nozzles.
Each individual level of the print is called the print line
It's called a layer.
“So on the firearm, I’m seeing from the trigger guard—maybe print line 200—and the top of the magazine well—print line 400—the marks are staying consistent,” Garrison said.
...I don't even understand what that's supposed to mean? "The marks are staying consistent"? What marks? Consistent with what?
Even if they were able to match a print to a nozzle (which they won't be because it's a wear item that's constantly changing), nozzles are cheap and replaced often. You replace them in 2 minutes.
However, none of this will stop DAs from trying to use this shit as evidence, just like all the other junk science they pay people to lie about.
Also worth pointing out:
There are other issues too. All of Law and Blair’s tests were done with one kind of 3D printer—a Prusa MK4S. There’s hundreds of different devices on the market that all behave differently. Law also pointed out that brass nozzles warp over time themselves and may produce different results after hundreds of prints and that different nozzles made from different materials may work very differently. Law would also want an examiner rate study—a formal scientific inquiry into false positives and examiner bias.
But..... you'd need to do several test prints with the suspects 3D printer to get a matching profile right? It doesn't seem practical but indeed every 3D printer has it's own fingerprint.
You'd also have to use the same slicer settings, similar room conditions, make sure that you have the same filament roll (assuming it's an FDM printer), make sure that nothing hardware wise was tweaked (eg. fixing belt tension), make sure nothing software wise was tweaked (it's nuts how much difference temp can make), make sure nothing firmware wise was tweaked, and the nozzle cant have had too many prints between the suspicious one and now (or like half of a glow in the dark or carbon fiber filled print).
Edit: and same print orientation, just turning the part direction in the slicer causes different artifacts, in extreme cases I've seen a part facing one way fail, but a quarter turn right or left prints flawlessly.
Is this how ghost gun printing is working? One person with a machine making and selling oodles?
If you've printed your own it seems like this would have limited applications, because you've either destroyed or lost it, or it's still in your possession.
Just more scientifically unsound forensic "evidence" for prosecutors to bamboozle juries with.
This will definitely also be one of those "only works to convict" forms of evidence like fingerprints, where the presence of a non-match will be played off as inconclusive, but a "match" will be treated as 100% definitive.