The thing is some externalities are acceptable and how that is to be determined is via the democratic process and for that to work the means of production need to be owned by the working class, not by an isolated, cushioned capitalist class that are isolated from the consequences of i.e. climate change.
We can absolutely createvalue for our species from natural resources, to imply that something like vaccine research powered by nuclear energy is a zero-sum exchange from elsewhere is deeply absurd and reeks of rightoid socio and bio essentialism ("x people are just y and you cant change that")
Why do vaccines need to be made by private companies for private profit at all? Why not publically funded research at universities and agencies that charge reasonably for use, where that capital is either turned into more public research or other commons? Other than the fact that we starved public research almost to death to cut private industry for private profit's taxes.
Also private industry does NOT belong in basic utilities everyone needs AT ALL.
There should not be a single power plant or utility that's for private investor profit. It's too important to have any allegiance other than serving the citizenry full stop. There should be no private investor in a position to advocate sticking it to captive customers (or our sole shared communal habitat), who need any common utility like elec-fucking-tricity, to increase their quarterly private profit expectations. But here we are.
A free market can and has existed through most of human history.
A free market is simply the one with the most might is free to take what they want from those that can't defend themselves from them.
Modern capitalists just sent that ideology to a marketing team to give us the illusion of checks and protections. As an example, you're certainly free to hire a lawyer to sue the company that poisoned your kid with their product or externalities, and they're free to send one of several litigation teams from their LEGAL DEPARTMENT to destroy you and your sliding scale attorney, or coerce you to settle for some token pittance fraction of the damage done... in exchange for your legally mandated silence, of course.