Brave Search fully using their own index since April 27, 2023. But they refuse to identify their crawler and rely on googlebot if sites want to be excluded. Also their search API monetization of possible copyrighted content while understandable is a bit doubious due to their public stance on transparency.
StartPage also blocks VPN usage.
DuckDuckGo by their own admission now re-rank "trusted" sites to the top when it comes to what they clasify as"misinformation" so calling their "censorship" mild is huge understatement.
If I wanted to search for unverified info or misinfo, I could, but almost always I am lookkng for factual and sourced information. Please don't force me to do otherwise.
That's how all search engines fundamentally work though. The whole point if that they try to bring the most relevant results to the top and downrank things like spam and unhelpful/irrelevant results. Downranking misinfo spam websites isn't "censorship". Not ranking resullts would make search engines completely pointless.
I'd disagree with equating disinfo with spam. Spam seems easier to classify, sites that try to get ahead by having nonsense keywords or whatever and want to sell you something. Dis- or misinfo is trickier, you need to decide what is correct info. Do you understand what I mean?
You're absolutely right, but, while there is a difference, i think they both still fall under the responsibility of making results more relevant and helpful.
They don't pretent to be googlebot, they use their own crawler they just don't share the name they use for it, so sites can't exclude it with robots.txt. They just scrape the same sites that googlebot does, so if the site is excluded by googlebot they also skip it.