You'd think the most expensive part would be the quark-gluon plasma chamber, but it's actually usually the tube to the top of the atmosphere to carry the cosmic rays down.
The number one thing I love about Randall Munroe's particular brand of nerd humor is how genuine he is. His fascination with the natural laws of the universe is just that. It's not something he uses to hold himself over other people or to create in-groups and out-groups of people who know and people who don't. Even when his content is too complex for the average person it never has that subtextual "well you just wouldn't get it because you're not smart enough" vibe that so much other nerd humor has (looking at you big bang theory). He's genuinely inviting the reader to learn about whatever it is, whether they ultimately do or don't. He doesn't have that weird inferiority complex people get sometimes where people feel the need to defensively push others away from their interests to feel better about the fact that their interests happen to be niche in some way. He doesn't use it as a vehicle to fuel his ego. I've joked before that he's my "celebrity crush" but it's really just that he truly, genuinely wants to show you something he thinks is cool (and at least a little humorous) and as someone who's met a LOT of snobby nerds, I've always deeply respected that he isn't one. - sincerely, a professional vibe-checker (like, actually).
The joke about adding well water back in again at the end is "correct". Reverse osmosis removes 100% of the solids from the water, but drinking water usually contains small quantities of solids - you can see a breakdown on the label of some bottled water. Completely pure water would leach all of the solids that have built up on the insides of water pipes over the decades, and leaches away the protective oxide layer from metal pipework, causing it to corrode surprisingly rapidly. It also tastes pretty shitty - kind of "dead". So a small amount of high-solids water is mixed back in after RO to bring the water back to normal levels.
All that other shit in the diagram? No. Purification and treatment takes place after the mixing step, it would be crazy not to.
But also yes. Pure water tastes awful. I'm one of those "super" tasters and I used to work for a water filtration company. Lemme say... what people think they want and what they actually want are often two different things.
Yeah, I'm with you there - worked for twenty years in water treatment myself. Water before it's been chlorinated / chloraminated for supply? Makes the best cups of tea and coffee ever - you need to boil it, of course. RO water? Vile.
This is why we have remineralization filters I love my highly insane filtered water. Goes through 10 stages before finally hitting reverse osmosis just to extend the reverse osmosis filter life. But it has a alkaline remineralization as the last step so it tastes amazing
Water taste is subjective. I absolutely hate the taste of high-mineral water and love pure water. RO or distilled water tastes absolutely amazing to me.
Here’s an idea. Once you’ve already split the water molecules with electrolysis, you should throw those streams into separate mass spectrometers, but without the detector obviously. The idea is, that with ions flying in a magnetic field, their mass would determine where they land. Anything that isn’t the right kind of isotope, let alone right kind of atom, would be separated into the waste stream.