Welcome to c/Python, the go to place to discuss Python tools, techniques, and news.

We're just getting started, so please use this thread to suggest what this community should look like, what it should cover, and how it should operate.

Trey Hunner writes:

> This article is primarily meant to act as a Python time complexity cheat sheet for those who already understand what time complexity is and how the time complexity of an operation might affect your code. For a more thorough explanation of time complexity see Ned Batchelder's article/talk on this subject.

Read Python Big O: the time complexities of different data structures in Python

Solved: Thanks to a user with this reply: https://programming.dev/comment/10034690

---

cross-posted from: https://beehaw.org/post/13901165

> Hi all. I have a little problem and don't know how to solve. A CLI program in Python is broken since Python 3.12. It was working in Python 3.11. The reason is, that Python 3.12 changed how subclassing of a pathlib.Path works (basically fixed an issue), which now breaks a workaround. > > #### The class in question is: > > python > class File(PosixPath): > def __new__(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: > return cls._from_parts(args).expanduser().resolve() # type: ignore > > def __init__(self, source: str | Path, *args: Any) -> None: > super().__init__() > self.__source = Path(source) > > @property > def source(self) -> Path: > return self.__source > > @property > def modified(self) -> Time: > return Time.fromtimestamp(os.path.getmtime(self)) > > @property > def changed(self) -> Time: > return Time.fromtimestamp(os.path.getctime(self)) > > @property > def accessed(self) -> Time: > return Time.fromtimestamp(os.path.getatime(self)) > > # Calculate sha512 hash of self file and compare result to the > # checksum found in given file. Return True if identical. > def verify_sha512(self, file: File, buffer_size: int = 4096) -> bool: > compare_hash: str = file.read_text().split(" ")[0] > self_hash: str = "" > self_checksum = hashlib.sha512() > with open(self.as_posix(), "rb") as f: > for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(buffer_size), b""): > self_checksum.update(chunk) > self_hash = self_checksum.hexdigest() > return self_hash == compare_hash > > > #### and I get this error when running the script: > > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1415, in > sys.exit(main()) > ^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1334, in main > arguments, status = parse_arguments(argv) > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1131, in parse_arguments > default, status = default_install_dir() > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1101, in default_install_dir > steam_root: File = File(path) > ^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 97, in __new__ > return cls._from_parts(args).expanduser().resolve() # type: ignore > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > AttributeError: type object 'File' has no attribute '_from_parts'. Did you mean: '_load_parts'? > > > #### Now replacing _from_parts with _load_parts does not work either and I get this message in that case: > > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1415, in > sys.exit(main()) > ^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1334, in main > arguments, status = parse_arguments(argv) > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1131, in parse_arguments > default, status = default_install_dir() > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 1101, in default_install_dir > steam_root: File = File(path) > ^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/home/tuncay/.local/bin/geprotondl", line 97, in __new__ > return cls._load_parts(args).expanduser().resolve() # type: ignore > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > File "/usr/lib/python3.12/pathlib.py", line 408, in _load_parts > paths = self._raw_paths > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ > AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute '_raw_paths' > > > #### I have searched the web and don't understand how to fix this. Has anyone an idea what to do?

I have a Keybow MINI hooked up to a Raspberry Pi Zero W, and I'm using Python to respond to events. I have one button that kicks off playing a song on a passive buzzer, and I'm wondering if there's a way to have a button press stop the song before it completes.

Many commertial apps have options to run apps at logins... Is there any cross-platform way to do so in python?

Would love to hear any suggestions, feedback or comments.

Twitter user @DanyX23:

TIL: pyright, the python type checking engine that is used by VS Code, has support for exhaustiveness checking for match statements with union types!

If you add the following to your pyproject.toml, you'll get the attached warning

[tool.pyright] reportMatchNotExhaustive = true

Not sure if this is allowed here, and it's not my playlist, but I thought I'd post these tutorials since I've found them helpful for learning the basics.

Hello! I'm attempting to follow some tutorials on unit testing with Python. One of them is a video tutorial Unit Tests in Python on the Socratica channel. Everyone in the comments seems to be making out just fine, and I’m following the instructor’s directions to the letter, yet I get a different result. It’s driving me mad lol.

In the video, the instructor creates two text files, one called circles.py in which she defines a function circle_area(r), and another called test_circles.py in which she writes some unit tests. In my attempt to follow along, I've ended up with two files structured like so:

/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/Socratica/Circles ├── circles.py └── test_circles.py

circles.py:

``` from math import pi

def circle_area(r): return pi*(r**2)

Test function

radii = [2, 0, -3, 2 + 5j, True, "radius"] message = "Area of circles with r = {radius} is {area}."

for r in radii: A = circle_area(r) print(message.format(radius=r,area=A)) ```

test_circles.py:

``` import unittest from circles import circle_area from math import pi

class TestCircleArea(unittest.TestCase): def test_area(self): # Test areas when radius >=0 self.assertAlmostEqual(circle_area(1),pi) self.assertAlmostEqual(circle_area(0),0) self.assertAlmostEqual(circle_area(2.1),pi*2.1**2) ```

Where I'm getting tripped up is at 4:32 in the video, the instructor says to run the unit tests by opening a shell, going to the directory that contains both the circles and test_circles modules, and issuing the following command: python -m unittest test_circles.

Instructor's result (it runs the unit test):

``` Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK ```

My result (it seems to execute circles.py itself):

[yo_scottie_oh@nobara Circles]$ python -m unittest test_circles Area of circles with r = 2 is 12.566370614359172. Area of circles with r = 0 is 0.0. Area of circles with r = -3 is 28.274333882308138. Area of circles with r = (2+5j) is (-65.97344572538566+62.83185307179586j). Area of circles with r = True is 3.141592653589793. Traceback (most recent call last): File "<frozen runpy>", line 198, in _run_module_as_main File "<frozen runpy>", line 88, in _run_code File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/__main__.py", line 18, in <module> main(module=None) File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/main.py", line 101, in __init__ self.parseArgs(argv) File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/main.py", line 150, in parseArgs self.createTests() File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/main.py", line 161, in createTests self.test = self.testLoader.loadTestsFromNames(self.testNames, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 232, in loadTestsFromNames suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names] ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 232, in <listcomp> suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names] ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 162, in loadTestsFromName module = __import__(module_name) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/Socratica/Circles/test_circles.py", line 4, in <module> from circles import circle_area File "/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/Socratica/Circles/circles.py", line 14, in <module> A = circle_area(r) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/Socratica/Circles/circles.py", line 6, in circle_area return pi*(r**2) ~^^~ TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'str' and 'int' [yo_scottie_oh@nobara Circles]$

I've been banging my head against the wall for hours now trying to figure out why when I execute the same command as the instructor, it appears to execute my Python scripts themselves instead of running the unit tests.

Other things I've tried:

I've read the Python documentation on unit testing. I tried adding this to the end of the test_circles.py document, but that did not change anything.

if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

I've tried following this other written tutorial. After I create the text documents and organize them in the separate shapes and tests folders and run the command python -m unittest discover -v, again I get a different result from the author.

Author's result:

``` test_area (test_circle.TestCircle) ... ok test_circle_instance_of_shape (test_circle.TestCircle) ... ok test_create_circle_negative_radius (test_circle.TestCircle) ... ok test_area (test_square.TestSquare) ... ok test_create_square_negative_length (test_square.TestSquare) ... ok test_square_instance_of_shape (test_square.TestSquare) ... ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 6 tests in 0.002s

OK ```

My result:

``` [yo_scottie_oh@nobara test]$ python -m unittest discover -v test_circle (unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_circle) ... ERROR test_square (unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_square) ... ERROR

====================================================================== ERROR: test_circle (unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_circle) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ImportError: Failed to import test module: test_circle Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 419, in _find_test_path module = self._get_module_from_name(name) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 362, in _get_module_from_name import(name) File "/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/PythonUnitTesting/test/test_circle.py", line 4, in <module> from shapes.circle import Circle ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'shapes'

====================================================================== ERROR: test_square (unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_square) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ImportError: Failed to import test module: test_square Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 419, in _find_test_path module = self._get_module_from_name(name) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/lib64/python3.11/unittest/loader.py", line 362, in _get_module_from_name import(name) File "/home/yo_scottie_oh/Projects/PythonTutorials/PythonUnitTesting/test/test_square.py", line 3, in <module> from shapes.square import Square ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'shapes'

---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 2 tests in 0.000s

FAILED (errors=2) ```

So yeah… this brings me to my question: What’s the obvious thing that everybody else gets that I'm missing? Is the tutorial outdated? Is it because the instructor is on Windows and I’m on Linux? Why won’t my unit tests run?

Siddharta Govindaraj writes:

> As I blogged about in the previous two articles, I recently updated my NeoVim configuration for the fourth time. Although it might sound like a lot of config updates, keep in mind that it happened over a period of four years. > >- The first version was a port of my existing Vim configuration. Because NeoVim is backward compatible with Vim, you can just move the configuration over and it will work >- In the second version, I migrated my plugin manager to Packer. This config was a mix of old style Vim config and the newer NeoVim style with some plugins migrated to Lua equivalents >- Then I decided to go 100% Lua config and started using Kickstart.nvim and LazyVim. >- This fourth time around I used Kickstart and LazyVim as guides to write my own from scratch. > > You can find my NeoVim configuration on Github. > > In this article I am going to go through and explain my configuration step-by-step. I have a terrible memory, so this post will also serve as a guide when I inevitably need to look through this file in the future.

Read Configuring NeoVim as a Python IDE (2023)

cross-posted from: https://programming.dev/post/12688262

> Hello! > > This is my little Zsh frontend for Python venv and dependency management, as well as pipx-like app installation. > > It's not new, but I just made a new release that can use uv as a backend, making it much faster (and hipper, obviously). > > If you have zpy installed, you can install uv with the pipz command, and from then on zpy will use uv instead of Python's venv module and pip-tools: > > zsh > % pipz install uv > > > If you have any questions, please ask! > > I personally use it in combination with mise (for Python runtime management) and flit (for package publishing), but aim to keep it rather agnostic and interoperable.

Hi there 👋, I’m Gerard, founder of Latitude.

I have written an article on how I approached building an open-source data tool. I had doubts about Python vs JavaScript, but I’m happy with the path I chose.

Would love it if you guys give me any feedback!

tl;dr – Apache Software Foundation, Blender Foundation, OpenSSL Software Foundation, PHP Foundation, Rust Foundation, and Eclipse Foundation have jointly announced their intention to collaborate on the establishment of common specifications for secure software development based on existing open source best practices. https://eclipse-foundation.blog/2024/04/02/open-source-community-cra-compliance/ #opensource #cra #cybersecurity @python @rust @EclipseFdn @opensslannounce @Blender

Using Tkinter and Some Ninja CLI Skillz

The repo also links to some similar tools, like coveragepy, uncalled, and dead.

the code on the website is javascript here it is, make sure to create dice images for it to work (e.g dice1.png):

``` <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Dice Roller</title> <style> body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; } #result-frame { margin-top: 20px; } </style> </head> <body> <h2>Dice Roller</h2> <label for="num-dice">Choose Number of Dice:</label><br><br> <select id="num-dice"> <option value="1">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> <option value="4">4</option> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="6">6</option> <option value="7">7</option> </select> <button onclick="rollDice()">Roll</button> <div id="result-frame"></div>

<script> function rollDice() { var numDice = parseInt(document.getElementById('num-dice').value); var resultFrame = document.getElementById('result-frame'); resultFrame.innerHTML = ''; // Clear previous results

var diceImages = []; for (var i = 1; i <= 6; i++) { var img = document.createElement('img'); img.src = 'https://www.slyautomation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/' + 'dice' + i + '.png'; // Change the path to match your uploaded images diceImages.push(img); }

for (var j = 0; j < numDice; j++) { var result = Math.floor(Math.random() * 6); // Random result from 0 to 5 var diceImage = diceImages[result].cloneNode(); resultFrame.appendChild(diceImage); } } </script> </body> </html> ```

Hi, I'm currently using this to log my python process

logging.basicConfig(filename='filename.log', level=logging.DEBUG)

logger = logging.getLogger()

sys.stderr.write = logger.error

sys.stdout.write = logger.info

And then using print(f'{datetime.now()} log message') where I want to log.

It's working OK, buy I would like to live it to ic, but can't find any info on how to send the ic output to the logger.

Thanks for any help.

Via Django News #224

Hi,

Following my previous post where quickly share code ?

I'm looking for a pastebin / git / github self-hosted software written in 🐍 Python.

Here the features that I'm looking for (anyway like it's in Python I could create my self the missing one afterward :)

• self-hosted, (but may have some instance public online)
• compatible with git (and therefore history log )
• syntax highlight for a various languages (especially 🐍 Python )
• Can show the difference between versions (modified, added, removed ) with color and nice interface.
• Fully LOSS (aka FOSS)

Thanks.

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.ml/post/13397153

> I'm just trying to control my smartlights with a script, it seems to be having a lot of problems, I really don't know what I'm doing, i'd appreciate any help I can get > > Once I have a script that can individually turn lights on/off i can edit the rest myself, I just can't get the base functionality working.

If you care about performance, you may want to avoid CSV files. But since our data sources are often like our family, we can't make a choice, we'll see in this blog post how to process a CSV file as fast as possible.

In this video, I'll show you how to seamlessly integrate Rust with Python using Pyo3. This library allows you to write Python modules with Rust. This means that we get the speed and safety of Rust along with Python's easy-to-use features!

korn shell wrapper that outputs python code: you write shell > out comes the snake

cross-posted from: https://lemmy.ml/post/13079957

> https://peps.python.org/pep-0703/

I'm sorry if this isn't the place to ask this, I also asked over at !raspberrypi@lemmy.ml.

So what I want to do is this: Two RasPis are at different locations. They're on different networks but have internet access. Pressing a button on one of the Pis turns on an LED over at the other Pi via GPIO. How can I make the communication work? My first thought was Telegram bots as I'm familiar with those for notifications but you can't have Telegram bots communicate with each other, sadly. Is there a good (and secure) solution to this? Preferably using Python code and without continuous costs like server hosting, etc?

Thanks!

Project home: https://bruin-data.github.io/ingestr/