Could modern computers decipher hieroglyphics if we never found the Rosetta Stone?

Given that the AI we have is prone to making things up because it “fits” according to the models it trains on, how much faith would you have in a translation done by an AI on writings made by people who lived millennia before said language models were developed?

Don't confuse modern LLM models (like ChatGPT) with AI. As the saying goes:

All Buicks are Cars, but not all Cars are Buicks

LLMs are a form of AI, but there is a lot more going on in the world of AI than just LLMs.
- That’s a good point, and you’re right that I’m conflating them.
  
  What other elements of AI would you imagine would be useful here?
- to expand your point, the sole job of an LLM is to, when given a sequence of words (e.g. half a sentence), predict what the next several words should be. the model has no concept of what English words mean, so instead it makes this prediction based on statistics that were derived from basically reading through hundreds of thousands of English sentences
  
  TL;DR LLMs don’t understand languages, they’ve just memorized statistics about them
I'll have more faith once it can reliably switch back and forth between Unicode symbols and their underlying HTML entities. It understands the concept of emojis and can use them appropriately, but I can tell there's still some underlying issues in the token/object model for non-ASCII symbols.

No. Link between sign and meaning (or sound) can be arbitrary.

If we knew that they were phonetic, we could get somewhere by comparing how human languages generally work, but even then we would need something to start with.

I'm guessing pure pictographs are harder, even with advanced comparative analysis.

Probably not. We can algorithmically show if something is likely to be writing, but actually understanding it is a very complicated process that involves a lot of social sciences inferences. An LLM using chain or tree of thought would probably be your best shot.

I think if you're trying to model completely agnostically on every language possible translating entire words and existing known pictograms to what they mean. Then there might be a slight chance that kind of deciphering part of it. Just because humans usually come back to similar symbols and maybe it can pick up on something that we can't. But it would be a long shot to be sure
- The question specified present technology, which is how I answered. I'd guess that an algorithm that can find a reasonable interpretation of any corpus of text in a reasonable time period exists, it's just it hasn't been made.
  
  For really small corpuses there might be more than one interpretation. The Voynich manuscript can probably only be read one way (or zero, but I've seen convincing arguments for 1).

Yes, it has already deciphered some languages and is even being used on animals now.

If I read correctly, they taught it to decipher cuneiform using the known translations. It didn't "crack it" itself.
I really hope they can use this to decipher the Harappan script. That's like the holy grail of lost languages for me. I want to know so badly!
- Have them do the Voynich Manuscript too!
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Here's what ChatGPT 3.5 says:

The Rosetta Stone played a crucial role in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics because it provided a key to understanding the script by presenting the same text in three different scripts: Ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and demotic (a simplified script used for everyday purposes). This allowed scholars to correlate the known Greek text with the Egyptian texts and begin to decipher the hieroglyphics.

A GPT-based AI, while powerful in many ways, would likely face significant challenges in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics without access to something akin to the Rosetta Stone. Here's why:

Lack of Direct Contextual Data: GPT models learn from a vast amount of text data, but the historical and contextual gap between modern languages and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is enormous. GPT models might not have enough direct or relevant data to bridge this gap.
Limited Multilingualism: GPT models, including their previous versions like GPT-3.5, do not inherently "know" multiple languages the way humans do. They have learned statistical patterns in text, which enables them to generate text in multiple languages but doesn't guarantee deep understanding or translation of highly specialized languages like hieroglyphics.
Lack of Connection to the Rosetta Stone Context: GPT models lack the ability to access external sources or historical events, which is what made the Rosetta Stone so invaluable in deciphering hieroglyphics. Without access to that kind of contextual information, it would be difficult for the model to make the necessary connections.
Complex Symbolic Nature: Egyptian hieroglyphics are not a straightforward language like those GPT models are trained on. Hieroglyphics use a combination of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to convey meaning. The complexity of hieroglyphics goes beyond the syntax and structure of modern languages, making it a unique challenge.

In summary, while a GPT-based AI could perform some basic statistical analyses on hieroglyphics to identify patterns, it's unlikely to decipher the script in a comprehensive and accurate way without a Rosetta Stone-like source that provides a bridge between the ancient script and a known language. Hieroglyphics represent a highly specialized domain that would require deep contextual understanding, which GPT models might struggle to achieve given their current capabilities.

Good job ChatGPT! The only correction I'd make is that logographic writing is still used in languages like Chinese.

I would say no, the computers would have no dataset/code to decode a picture-based language like hieroglyphics. I mean if you programmed and tailored the computer algorithms enough it could decode them, but you'd practically have to take all our knowledge of hieroglyphics and turn that into code and data to brute-force the computer to do the translation.

Having computers world definitely help. You can do statistical analyses in seconds that would have taken Champollion and his contemporaries years. Modern cryptography is pretty good a cracking cyphers and as long as you have some idea of the language that's been written in, it should be very doable.