I had a big tall mohawk in high school and have thick curly hair now.
As my mom always said, "It's just hair, if you damage it you can shave your head and it will grow back" .
Backcombing, teasing hair like that is damaging yes, but hair is dead, it's like the white part of fingernails. Unless you damage the actual root (like a bad burn to the scalp) it will always grow back.
There are hairstyles that can do damage to the follicles to the point they can't grow hair anymore. It's called traction alopecia, the thing that Will Smith's wife has.
Purely anecdotally, from seeing what happens to other women's hair, scraping it hard back from the face into a bun or ponytail (aka "Croydon facelift") does lead to a receding hairline. Making your hair stand up doesn't pressure the hair follicle like that though, so I think you're good. I still have all my hair after decades of stand-up styling.
Not an expert, but I don't think so. Hair is delicate and if exposed to constant strain and stress may break and be less voluminous and healthy, but it's also sturdy enough that you should be able to style regularly with gels and sprays and stuff without irreparably damaging it in the process. It comes down to the individual's hair, of course, so your mileage may vary.